Evaluación del Modelo de Predisposición Adquirida para consumo de alcohol en adolescentes / Evaluation of the Acquired Preparedness Model for Alcohol Use in Adolescents / Avaliação do Modelo de Predisposição Adquirida para o consumo de álcool em adolescentes

Durante la adolescencia se observan altas tasas de consumo elevado de alcohol. El Modelo de Predisposición Adquirida (mpa) postula que la confluencia de factores de personalidad (como la impulsividad) y factores psicosociales (como las expectativas hacia el alcohol [ea]) predice el consumo de sustancias. Algunos resultados previos respaldan el mpa para explicar el uso de alcohol en adolescentes argentinos; sin embargo, no queda claro el modo en que distintas dimensiones de impulsividad se asocian con el uso de alcohol en esta etapa del desarrollo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue examinar, en una muestra de adolescentes argentinos, el rol mediador de las ea en la relación entre cinco dimensiones de impulsividad rasgo, medidas con la escala upps-p y la frecuencia de Consumo Episódico Elevado de Alcohol (ceea). Materiales y métodos: participaron 427 adolescentes de 13 a 18 años (58 % mujeres; M edad = 15.72, de = 1.48), escolarizados en el nivel medio (91.1 % en gestión privada). Resultados: apoyando el mpa, la tendencia a actuar precipitadamente bajo estados emocionales intensos (tanto positivos como negativos) se asoció a una mayor frecuencia de ceea vía una mayor anticipación de efectos positivos del consumo de alcohol. Urgencia positiva tuvo, además, un efecto directo sobre la frecuencia de ceea. Conclusiones: esta información puede ser de utilidad para el desarrollo de intervenciones destinadas a disminuir el desarrollo o mantenimiento de las positivas y, de esta manera, reducir el consumo de alcohol en los adolescentes.

High rates of heavy alcohol use are observed among adolescents. The Acquired Preparedness Model (apm) posits that the confluence of personality factors (e.g., impulsivity) and psychosocial factors (e.g., alcohol expectancies [aes]) predicts substance use. Research supports the use of the apmto explain alcohol use in Argentinean adolescents; however, how different dimensions of impulsivity are associ-ated with alcohol use at this developmental stage is unclear. This study was designed to examine the mediational role of aes in the relationship between multiple dimensions of trait-like impulsivity using the upps-p scale and the frequency of heavy episodic drinking (hed) in Argentinean adolescents. Materials and Methods: In this study, 427 adolescents (58% were women) with a mean age of 15.72 ± 1.48 years (range, 13­18 years) were enrolled. Results: In line with the associations proposed by the apm, this study showed that the tendency to act rashly under intense negative and positive emotions was positively associated with the frequency of hed, via the anticipation of more positive effects of alcohol use. Positive urgency also had a direct effect on the frequency of hed. This information may be useful in developing interventions to reduce positive aes to decrease adolescent alcohol use.

na adolescência observam-se altas taxas de consumo de álcool. O Modelo de Predisposição Adquirida (mpa) postula que a confluência de fatores de personalidade (como a impulsividade) e fatores psicossociais (como expectativas em relação ao álcool [ea]) prediz o uso de substâncias. Alguns resul-tados anteriores corroboram o mpa para explicar o consumo de álcool em adolescentes argentinos; no entanto, não está claro como as diferentes dimensões da impulsividade estão associadas ao consumo de álcool nesta fase do desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar, em uma amostra de adolescentes argentinos, o papel mediador da ea na relação entre cinco dimensões do traço de impul-sividade, medidas com a escala upps-p e a frequência de Consumo Episódico Elevado de Álcool (ceea). Materiais e métodos: participaram 427 adolescentes de 13 a 18 anos (58% mulheres; M idade = 15,72; dp = 1,48), matriculados no ensino médio (91,1% em escola particular). Resultados: apoiando o mpa, mostra-se que a tendência a agir precipitadamente sob estados emocionais intensos ­tanto positivos quanto negativos­ foi associada a uma maior frequência de ceea por meio de uma maior antecipação dos efeitos positivos do consumo de álcool. A urgência positiva também teve efeito direto na frequência de ceea. Conclusões: esta informação pode ser útil para o desenvolvimento de intervenções que visem reduzir o desenvolvimento ou manutenção de ea positivas e, desta forma, reduzir o consumo de álcool em adolescentes.

The impact of home safety on sleep in a Latin American country.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to assess the impact of feelings of safety in one's neighborhood and home on sleep quality and sleep duration. DESIGN: The design is a cross-sectional survey using face-to-face interviews, as part of the Argentine Social Debt Observatory assessment. SETTING: The setting is a nationwide data from Argentina. PARTICIPANTS: There are 5636 participants aged 18 years and older. INTERVENTION (IF ANY): N/A. MEASUREMENTS: The relationships between both subjective sleep quality and self-reported sleep duration, categorized as short (<7 hours), normal (7-8 hours), and long (>8 hours) with safety in one's neighborhood and one's home, were analyzed. Age, sex, obesity, neighborhood socioeconomic status, and education were included as covariates. RESULTS: Feeling unsafe in one's home was strongly associated with poorer sleep quality and with short sleep duration. Feeling unsafe in one's neighborhood was initially associated with reduced sleep quality but was no longer significant after controlling for home safety. In contrast, we found no correlation between safety measures and long sleep. In analyses stratified by sex, feeling unsafe in one's home was associated with poor sleep quality in women but not in men. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that safety in the home has an important effect on both sleep quality and duration, particularly among women. In contrast, after accounting for safety in the home, neighborhood safety does not impact sleep. Further research is warranted to identify mechanisms underlying the sex differences in susceptibility to poor sleep quality and shorter sleep duration, as well as to assess whether interventions addressing safety in the home can be used to improve sleep and overall health.

Actitudes ante situaciones de agravio: un estudio comparativo entre oficiales de fuerzas de seguridad y estudiantes universitarios / Attitudes towards offenders: comparative study between security force officials and university students

Se presenta un estudio comparativo entre personal de fuerzas de seguridad de la Argentina y estudiantes universitarios de psicología y abogacía acerca de las actitudes ante situaciones de agravio. La muestra comprendió a 476 sujetos. Se realizaron análisis multivariados de varianza y se observó que los oficiales de policía obtuvieron medias inferiores en las actitudes agresivas (p= 0.0001) y prosociales (p= 0.0001) y un promedio mayor en la dimensión pasividad (p= 0.0001). El incremento en cuanto a las actitudes pasivas y la menor puntuación en las actitudes agresivas en los oficiales se pueden atribuir al fuerte énfasis en la obediencia y el control de la agresividad que la institución promueve actualmente y que está presente en la formación.

We present a comparative research about attitudes towards offenders between security force officials from Argentina and Psychology and Law university students. The sample comprises 476 participants. We carried out a multivariate analyses of variance and it was observed that policemen got a lower media in aggressive attitudes (p = 0.0001) and in prosocial attitudes (p = 0.0001), and a higher media in passive attitudes (p = 0.0001). The security force officials’ increase in passive attitudes and the lower scoring in aggressive attitudes, can be attributed to the strong emphasis in the obedience and aggressiveness control that the institution promotes, and it is present in the police trainning course.

Relación entre nivel socioeconómico, apoyo social percibido, género y depresión en niños / Relation between socioeconomic level, perceived social support, gender and depression in children

Se realizó un estudio correlacional con una muestra de 593 escolares de 9 a 13 años, a quienes se les administró la adaptación argentina para niños del Cuestionario MOS de Apoyo Social (MOS-A) de Rodriguez Espínola (2009a). El cuestionario original fue construido por el grupo médico de estudios en apoyo social (The Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Surrey -MOS-SSS) dirigido por Sherbourne y Stewart (1991).También se administró la Versión Argentina de la Escala de Depresión para Niños y Adolescentes de Harter y Nowakowski (Richaud de Minzi, Sacchi & Moreno, 2001). El análisis MANOVA mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas [ F de Hotelling (2, 590) = 11.37; p = .000] entre el nivel socioeconómico bajo y medio en la percepción de apoyo social total y estructural. La clase baja demostró menor apoyo social percibido y estructural que la clase media. La percepción de apoyo social según género no demostró diferencias significativas. Se pudo observar mediante un MANOVA que había diferencias en la depresión, según la percepción de apoyo social, categorizado en bajo, medio y alto [ F de Hotelling (8, 284) = 3.71; p = .000] . Los niños que percibieron alto apoyo social demostraron mayor estado de ánimo positivo, autovaloración positiva y menor energía-interés. Los distintos factores de depresión se relacionaron estadísticamente según el nivel socioeconómico medio y bajo [ F de Hotelling (4, 586) = 8.09; p = .000] . El grupo de clase baja puntuó menos en estado de ánimo positivo, en autovaloración positiva, en energía-interés y en autoinculpación, demostrando que estos niños se perciben más deprimidos que los de clase media. No se observaron diferencias con respecto a la depresión y el género.

People who has emotional difficulties characterized by depressive symptoms, observe difficulties in the social area, especially in the interpersonal relations. Across the social support there are received psychological and material resources in order that the subject could answer adequately. The socioeconomic characteristics would be important at the moment of adding resources to face to the depressive symptoms. The sample of the study remained constituted by 593 students of both sexes, from 9 to 13 years, 52.3% (n = 310) of masculine sex and 47.7% (n = 283) of feminine sex. 47.5% (n = 283) was children of schools of social-economic low class and 310 (52,5%) of middle class. The selected institutions concern to the province of Buenos Aires (República Argentina). There used the Questionnaire MOS of Social Support (Sherbourne & Stewart, 1991) that is centralized in the analysis of the perception of help. It is a question of a questionnaire auto administered of 20 items. The first item values structural support and the rest functional support. Also one administered the Argentine Version of the Scale of Depression for Children and Teenagers of Harterand Nowakowski (Richaud de Minzi, Sacchi, & Moreno, 2001). It is an auto report that includes five dimensions of the depression: lack of energy, negative auto-valuation, auto-accusation and sadness; every subscale has six items. And ad-hoc constructed an interview to obtain information socio-demographics of the children, such as age, sex and socioeconomic level. It was possible to observe by means of a MANOVA that there were significant differences in the depression, according to the perception of social support [ F (8, 284) = 3.71; p = .000] . The children who perceived high place social support demonstrated major positive state of mind (M = 12.60) in comparison with those that they perceived under social support (M = 10.59). Also they gave to themselves significant differences in positive auto-valuation between the children who perceived social high and low support. The subjects with minor social support (M = 6.39) have significantly minor averages that those of high support (M = 7.56) in the positive auto-valuation. The factor Energy was significant with regard to the perception of social support (F = 5.05; p = .008) high place (M= 8.02), down (M= 6.88)and according to the contrast between the average support (M = 7.96) and down, demonstrating that they perceive minor social support and in turn they feel with little energy and interest. The perception of social support for sex did not demonstrate significant differences. The different factors of depression turned out to be statistically significant according to the socio-economic average and low level after realizing a MANOVA [ F (4, 586) = 8.09; p = .000] . The group of low class obtained averages lower than those of the group of middle class in positive state of mind, in positive auto-valuation, in Energy and in Auto-accusation demonstrating that the children of class down them are perceived more depressed than those of middle class. Differences were not observed with regard to the depression and the gender. We conclude that the children of socioeconomic class it down there were perceived by minor social total and structural support, that is to say that they mentioned minor size of social network that contains them in comparison with the minors of middle class. It is possible to say that the children of socio-economic class it down they present major indexes of depression compared with those of middle class. The minors of economic low level said to feel with lack of energy, fewer spirit and minor auto-estimates that the level children economic average associate.